Proposed Summary Statement of Significance

Mt Kosciuszko - A place name of cultural and historical significance

Mt Kosciuszko is a place with a name of historical significance. It is the name given to Australia's highest mountain, in a deliberate gesture by one of Australia's earliest explorers/scientists, Sir Paul Edmund Strzelecki, to honour the international hero General Tadeusz Kosciuszko.

As US Ambassador Krol stated at the ceremony to unveil the Tadeusz Kosciuszko monument in Minsk, Bielarus in 2005: Tadeusz Kosciuszko is truly a man for all ages for all countries.

Kosciuszko was a brilliant military strategist and engineer, and he fought alongside General George Washington in the American War for Independence. He was especially admired for his design of the fortifications of West Point (later to become the West Point Military Academy) in the United States. A close friend of Thomas Jefferson, he believed in equality and lobbied for human rights and particularly the liberation and education of African-American slaves, a cause to which he left his entire American Estate.

After Kosciuszko's time in America, he returned to Poland, where, after the 1793 partition of Poland by Russia and Prussia, he led the Polish armies (1794) in fighting for a free and independent Poland. He will always be highly revered as a Polish hero.

Kosciuszko also loved the fine arts and was an accomplished painter, and occasionally liked to compose music.

A detailed history of his life and achievements, and information about his international significance and recognition is provided at Attachment A. Many books have been written about Kosciuszko, some of them are included in the bibliography to this submission at Attachment K. This submission particularly refers to Thaddeus Kosciuszko: Military Engineer of the American Revolution by Kajencki (1998); Thaddeus Kosciuszko: The Purest Son of Liberty by Pula (1998); and Friends of Liberty: A Tale of Three Patriots, Two Revolutions, and the Betrayal that Divided a Nation: Thomas Jefferson, Thaddeus Kosciuszko, and Agrippa Hull by Nash and Hodges (2008).

The process of the exploration, identification and naming of Mt Kosciuszko was a significant historical event during the 1820-1840 period of early European settlement in Australia.

A short layman's summary of the pattern of settlement during the relevant period in history is provided in the book Snowy Mountains Walks (2001) and a relevant extract is provided here at Attachment B.

The detailed history is found in Kosciusko, the Mountain in History by Andrews (1991) and in Sir Paul Edmund de Strzelecki : reflections on his life by Paszkowski (1997), widely accepted historical authorities in Australia on this subject. This submission also refers to the highly acknowledged historic book Physical description of New South Wales and Van Diemen’s Land : accompanied by a geological map, sections, and diagrams, and figures of the organic remains by Sir Paul de Strzelecki (1845) which brought the author fame, recognition and in 1849 a Fellowship and a Gold medal of the Royal Geographic Society.

At a time when the "Meneroo" district was being progressively explored and settled by farmers and pastoralists, Sir Paul Edmund Strzelecki, an accomplished surveyor/geologist and scientist, set out to investigate and explore the mountainous terrains west and southwest of Cooma.

When Strzelecki first saw the mountain that he identified as the highest point, it is reported that its rounded shape reminded him of a famous hill monument built by Poles in Krakow, Poland, in honour of General Kosciuszko. Strzelecki's father had fought under Kosciuszko, and had told his young son Paul Edmund many stories about him. Andrews (1991) p. 24_2 quotes Strzelecki’s ‘Report on Route from Yass Plains’ explaining his naming of the mountain, Strzelecki wrote amongst a free people, who appreciate freedom and its votaries, I could not refrain from giving it the name of Mount Kosciusko.

The detailed story of Strzelecki's ascent of the mountain is provided at Attachment C in a historical paper by Dale (1941), within which the newly-discovered Field Book of James MacArthur was published at that time. James MacArthur accompanied Strzelecki in their ascent to the top range of what is now known as the Snowy Mountains. For further comments we refer to Clews (1973), Andrews (1991) and Paszkowski (1999). A map of the area is provided at Attachment D.

Strzelecki's naming of the mountain was an historical event. Through his actions, Strzelecki chose a place in Australia which he felt would be fitting to give the name of "Kosciuszko" ie the highest peak. It is submitted that his gesture has created an enduring symbol of democracy, freedom and achievement by the association of the name with the mountain.

The concept of the highest mountain as a symbol for freedom has appeared in the literature. Klaus and Teichmann tell us that Strzelecki wanted the highest eminence of the Australian Continent to bear the name of his admired symbol for freedom and so our present-day maps would not have disappointed him.

Strzelecki was a respected scientist and his contributions to knowledge about Australia's geology, hydrology and mineralogy as well as exploration and mapping is widely acknowleged in Australian Scientific literature. Strzelecki named many places in Australia, ie the Gippsland district, after Governor Gipps of Victoria, and there are many places named after him (Refer Attachment I). The name he reserved for the highest mountain was deliberate, and it is felt that his intentions should be respected in perpetuity.

The Poles have always been fighters for democracy and freedom, and the Constitution of Poland of 3rd May 1791 was second only to the American democratic Constitution created in modern times.

Poland's complex history is such that in less than two years after the democratic Constitution of the 3rd May had been proclaimed, Poland was partitioned by more powerful neighbours and ceased to exist as a nation for over 123 years. As a result the Poles were dispossessed of their lands. Many Poles living in Australia today migrated from war-torn Europe, to escape the Nazi Holocaust during World War II. Others migrated to Australia in the 1980's to escape from political oppression by a communist regime. All of these Poles CHOSE Australia because they believed it to be a country of freedom, equal rights for all people and a chance for a prosperous future.

Australian Poles consider Mt Kosciuszko as a symbol of this attainable freedom, prosperity to those that work hard, and the values of democracy. This symbol is enormously important to them.

It is believed that Kosciuszko's achievements in the liberation and education of African American slaves, though well-documented, should be better known, especially in Australia. It is believed that the name "Kosciuszko" has the potential to be equally symbolic of the struggle of Aboriginal Australians for equality and equal opportunity in all aspects of Australian life, and symbolic in the sense that with the tools of education and landownership, barriers experienced, CAN be overcome. The values that associate with the name "Kosciuszko" are for all people and nations.

Each year, over 100,000 people walk up to the summit of Mt Kosciuszko to experience the view from the "rooftop" of Australia. As they walk either from Eagle's Nest or from Charlottes Pass, they enjoy the unique flora and fauna of the area and the unique glacial formations which have already been acknowledged as internationally and nationally significant

As they walk, they see the view of Mount Kosciuszko. The walk to the summit can be described as ritualistic - many people seek the experience of getting to the "top of Australia", not unlike a pilgrimage to a sacred place. This experience, whilst recreational, is also described as an important cultural experience and one that defines Mt Kosciuszko and the tracks that lead walkers to it, as places of national cultural significance. Refer to Testimonials - Attachment E.

On 27 February 2008, the World Youth Day Cross was taken to the summit by the Catholic Community of the region. This event illustrates the significance of Mt Kosciuszko as the chosen destination for cultural expression linked to religious beliefs by a different grouping ie the Australian Catholic community.

Dale (1941), Appendix C, on p. 50 in Section ‘A Centenary Commemoration’ describes the events on the Mount Kosciuszko.

In 1940, the centenary year of the ascent of Mount Kosciusko, a commemorative bronze tablet, recording the Count’s eventful undertaking, was placed in position on a granite boulder at the summit of the mountain, and was unveiled on 17th February in the presence of Sir Henry Manning, representing the Government of New South Wales, and of a number of other representative persons, by the Polish Consul-General and Madame du Noskowski. Children from the Cooma and Jindabyne schools attended and sang the Polish anthem and other suitable songs. A large party of visitors on horseback journeyed 70 miles from the Corryong district in Victoria for the occasion. The cost of the tablet was to be defrayed by subscriptions of pennies from the children in the State schools of New South Wales.

In 2006, the 100th year Anniversary of the creation of Kosciuszko National Park was celebrated and it was reported on the ABC News as a "milestone in Australian conservation and tourism." The celebration was held on the summit of Mt Kosciuszko.

On 17th February 2007, Puls Polonii organized a historical concert at the summit of Mt Kosciuszko. The concert was called Kosciuszko Music on Mt Kosciuszko and it featured a variety of songs, music, and dancing themed around General Kosciuszko, Sir Paul Edmund Strzelecki, the contribution of Poles to Australian exploration and history, migration, and the Snowy Mountains generally.

The original concept of performing at the summit is largely credited to an Australian resident (originally from New Zealand) man called Professor Graham Wood of Macquarie University. Graham Wood led a group of amateur wind instrument musicians in Sydney called The Windjammers. In late 2006, he was made aware that Kosciuszko was a composer and that some of his musical scores had been re-discovered. Graham Wood with the help of Mr David Keetley conducting The Windjammers undertook to ask the group to learn the Kosciuszko music arranged for wind instruments by Australian musicians Jo and Mark Walton, and said it would be great to perform this music at the summit of Mt Kosciuszko.

The Cultural Foundation of Puls Polonii developed the idea and brought it to fruition with the help of National Parks and Wildlife, and Fairidge P/L, a construction company building toilets at Rawsons Pass at the time of the proposed concert. A number of local musicians, including Paul Dion from Jindabyne and a folkloric dance ensemble Lajkonik from Sydney took part in the concert.

The concert was filmed and is the basis of a documentary film being compiled on the above themes.

Polish Catholic Mass was celebrated on the summit after the concert by two visiting Polish Jezuit priests who were adamant at the time about celebrating mass on the summit of Mt Kosciuszko.

2 months later, on 28th and 29th April 2007, the follow-up inaugural Mound and Mt Kosciuszko Festival was held in Jindabyne and Cooma to celebrate the same themes and to involve the local communities and encourage visitors to the area as part of the Festival. The Festival incorporated photographic exhibitions relating to the same themes, and two concerts of song, music and dance, involving both local and interstate artists as an integral part.

Material which was produced as part of the February 2007 concert on the summit and the April 2007 Cultural Festival is provided at Attachment F. This material comprises promotional material, historical material which was reproduced, and new creative material including songs, poetry and of course images, again developing the cultural themes referred to above.

Material produced as part of the 2008 Festival which was held on 18, 19 and 20th April can be found in the Puls Polonii website www.pulspolonii.com , click on blue icon Mound and Mount Kosciuszko Festival. Refer also to Attachment F.

The following criteria relating to the National Heritage List have been considered:

Note: "The nominated area" - includes Mount Kosciuszko, the view of Mount Kosciuszko from various public places such as the deck from Charlottes Pass, various lookouts in the area, and the tracks leading from both Thredbo, Eagle's Nest and Charlottes Pass which are the routes taken by walkers up to the summit. The nominated area also includes the route taken by Sir Paul Edmund Strzelecki in 1840 via Hannel's Spur. Refer to maps at Attachment D.

(a) The place has outstanding heritage value to the nation because of the place's importance in the course, or pattern of Australia's natural or cultural history;

Sir Paul Edmund Strzelecki undertook exploration and mapping of the alpine areas. The period of 1820-1840 was a period of early exploration and settlement of the eastern coast of Australia. The identification of Australia's highest point is considered an important event. As Australia has developed and matured in the last 200 years, the appreciation of Australians for our history and for places of significance such as Australia's highest mountain as a place of various cultural activities, and for its symbolic value (as argued in this submission) has also matured and grown.

(b) The place has outstanding heritage value to the nation because of the place's possession of uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of Australia's natural or cultural history;

The nominated place is considered unique as it is the highest peak of Australia. This has cultural significance because every year over 100,000 people ascend the mountain to experience being at the highest point. (Refer to testimonials Attachment E).

As people head for the summit, they view the mountain from various points along the walking tracks, either from Charlottes Pass or from Eagle's Nest. Reaching the summit represents a goal to be achieved. The view of the mountain is just as symbolic and emotionally significant as the physical process of "going up to Mount Kosciuszko". This is why the walking tracks and the view of the Mountain are both included in the "Nominated Area".

On their way to the summit, people experience seeing magnificent rock formations, and exquisite mountain flora which have already been acknowledged as part of other and earlier heritage listings, and in numerous publications. The area is heritage listed for its qualities as a glacial area and the associated geological formations, and for its unique fauna and flora. The visitor's cultural experience in viewing and enjoying these unique attributes, is relevant given the high numbers of people who trek to the summit every year and the reasons they give for going there.

NPWS have provided an estimate of 102,500 visitors to the summit, in the summer months (Winter numbers are difficult to predict). At the peak times in summer, say from 12.30pm to 1.30pm there can be up to 700 people heading for the summit per hour. Over 1200 people per day visit the summit during peak periods.

The mountain is considered symbolic because it represents a sense of achievement. Whilst high mountains in other countries ie Everest and Kilamanjaro, are not scaleable by the average person, Mount Kosciuszko is unique in that it can in fact be reached by anyone, even by a disabled person. A number of persons in wheelchairs are known to have reached the summit.

Attachment J provides a collection of monuments, signs, place markers etc which form part of a built environment (subservient to the natural environment) and enhance a person's cultural experience of walking to the summit, viewing the summit, and reaching it.

(e) the place has outstanding heritage value to the nation because of the place's importance in exhibiting particular aesthetic characteristics valued by a community or cultural group;

Mount Kosciuszko is the highest mountain in Australia, and its image is well-known and valued by all Australians.

A recently-produced postcard which highlights the aesthetic qualities of the mountain and produced by the Cultural Foundation of Puls Polonii is selling well in a range of retail outlets in the area - Refer Attachment G.

When Sir Paul Edmund Strzelecki first saw and identified Mount Kosciuszko as the highest peak, its rounded shape reminded him of a hill monument in Poland built by Polish people to honour the great Polish General Tadeusz Kosciuszko. Strzelecki's father had fought alongside Kosciuszko and told Strzelecki stories about how admirable Kosciuszko was. Strzelecki said in his report that he could find no greater honour for the highest peak of Australia than to name it after the great man Kosciuszko.

The above similarity between Mount Kosciuszko and the Mound in Krakow, Poland, and Strzelecki's realization of this, and his wish to honour the man Kosciuszko, inspired his choice of this name.

The Mound and Mt Kosciuszko Festival Posters 2007 and 2008 produced by the Cultural Foundation of Puls Polonii clearly shows the similarity between the Polish Mound and Mt Kosciuszko in Australia. Refer Attachment H.

(g) the place has outstanding heritage value to the nation because of the place's strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons;

Whilst this submission points out that Mt Kosciuszko is a historical and cultural place of national significance to all Australians, it is true that Mt Kosciuszko has especially strong significance for the Polish community.

The contributions of early Polish explorers such as Lhotsky and Strzelecki to Australia's early exploration is a matter of great pride to Polish people living in Australia. Strzelecki's gesture in giving Australia's highest mountain the name of "Kosciuszko" after the Polish hero General Tadeusz Kosciuszko, creates a further association which is linked to the reasons for which most Poles migrated to Australia and the importance that they place on the freedom and democracy which this country holds as core values.

The nominated area is also acknowledged as a place of significance for aboriginal cultural activity including rites of initiation, social gatherings amongst Aboriginal tribes of the area, and feasts of Bogong Moths.

(h) the place has outstanding heritage value to the nation because of the place's special association with the life or works of a person, or group of person, of importance in Australia's natural or cultural history;

Strzelecki was an important figure in Australia's history of exploration and settlement, as well as his contributions to the Scientific body of knowledge generally in the fields of geology, hydrology and mineralogy. There are numerous place names in Australia and other countries - of roads, mountain ranges, lookouts, watercourses and water bodies - which bear his name. A full list of place names is provided at Attachment I.

Mt Kosciuszko, its image and the tracks leading to it, is considered to comprise an exceptional cultural place fundamental to an expression of Australian identity as a free, democratic, nature-loving country respectful of its natural environment. The mountain may have different meanings and levels of significance to a number of different racial groupings within the broader community, but it represents a unique place where cross-cultural understandings can and are expressed. The sense of place and culture can be shared here between different groupings in our community.

This submission has sought to remind us that Strzelecki's reasons for naming the mountain Kosciuszko were part of a symbolic gesture to an internationally respected man. This gesture formed part of an important event in Australia's early European history. The name of Kosciuszko is inextricably linked to the cultural values and history which many Australians today already associate with the summit, and it also represents the values of democracy, freedom and equal rights and opportunity, which are core values to all Australians, and to the nation of Australia.

This submission expresses the exceptional significance which the name of Mt Kosciuszko as it applies to the highest mountain of Australia has for the whole Polish community of Australia.

Mt Kosciuszko as an exceptional heritage place of social, cultural and historical significance has been regarded in this way from the very time of its naming by Sir Paul Edmund Strzelecki.

The history and meaning behind the name of Mt Kosciuszko should be incorporated into the current heritage listing of the Alpine Area as an additional and special layer.

LIST OF ATTACHMENTS

A. Personal History of Tadeusz Kosciuszko and International Acknowledgements of his achievements

B. Outline of events around 1820-1840

C. Outline of events relating to Strzelecki's Ascent of the highest mountain and his naming of it as "Mt Kosciuszko"

D. Map of Area

E. Personal Testimonials on the experience of reaching "The Summit"

F. Documentary evidence of Various Cultural activities at the Summit and related to Mt Kosciuszko and Sir Paul Edmund Strzelecki

G. Postcard produced by Cultural Foundation of Puls Polonii highlighting the connections between the Polish Mound in honour of Kosciuszko and Australia's Mt Kosciuszko

H. Mound and Mt Kosciuszko Festival Posters 2007 and 2008

I. Place names with the name "Strzelecki" (Paszkowski).

J. Collection of images of the built environment (monuments, place markers, signs, huts etc) which add to cultural experience of all Australians and visitors

K. BIOBLIOGRAPHY

ATTACHMENT A

Personal History of Tadeusz Kosciuszko (1746-1817)

Andrzej Tadeusz Bonawentura Kosciuszko was a Polish and Lithuanian national hero, general and a leader of the 1794 Kosciuszko Uprising (which bears his name) against the Russian Empire. He fought in the American Revolutionary War as a colonel in the Continental Army on the side of Washington. In recognition of his dedicated and faithful service he was brevetted by the Continental Congress to the rank of Brigadier General in 1783, and became a naturalized citizen of the United States that same year.[] http:/21centurycicero.wordpress.com/friends/Poland/tadeusz-kosciuszko/

Kosciuszko was born in 1746 in Eastern Poland. He graduated with distinction from military school in Warsaw and received a scholarship for further studies in Versailles, France. In France, he studied the art of fortifications, but also architecture and the arts. He mastered surveying and engineering skills, and returned to Poland after 6 years with a high-ranking military post in the Polish Army set for a brilliant military career.

Young and full of life, he fell in love with a Polish magnate’s daughter, Ludwika Sosnowska, but was caught trying to elope with her, at the Polish border. Threatened with being put to death, he fled Poland, we think, with the help of French friends. He ended up in America (France, due to her conflict with England, was very interested in undermining English influences abroad, and hence supported the fight for the independence of the American Colonies). With his reputation as a very clever, skilled soldier, Kosciuszko was “snapped up” for the cause, being appointed as Deputy Engineer in charge of the American Army, later becoming a Colonel, finally a General.

He became a friend of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. He distinguished himself during the American War of Independence by his competence, creativity, bravery and modesty, and there are many wonderful stories about his military achievements and skills.

He became famous in America because of his unconventional and innovative ideas for military defence strategies, one of which was the design of the West Point fort on the Hudson River where later, also at his suggestion, the West Point Military Academy was founded.

In 1787, after 8 years in America, he returned to Poland which was in a state of crisis at the time having been partitioned by stronger, aggressive neighbouring countries Russia, Prussia, and Austria. In 1792, during the “Second Partition of Poland”, with the Polish Monarchy collapsed, and the nation in turmoil, crowds of people turned to Kosciuszko to lead them. Kosciuszko accepted. By then, it was too late to defeat the Russian Army but Kosciuszko mobilized the whole nation to defend itself utilizing guerilla-type warfare. Kosciuszko’s rebels remained undefeated by the much larger Russian forces. However, Kosciuszko was wounded by the Russians in Maciejowice and taken as a prisoner-of-war. He spent 2 years in solitary confinement before being released.

His subsequent years were spent visiting America, England (where he published his own compositions - 2 Polonaises and a Waltz) and France, later to settle in Switzerland as a prominent figure, writing a book on partisan warfare.

Kosciuszko died in 1817, recognized simultaneously as Poland’s greatest hero, as a great American, and as an Honorary Citizen of France.

The Parisien Newspaper, Le Monitor wrote of him:

Kosciuszko’s gifts to mankind made his name the property of the civilized world.

William H Harrison (later a President of America) ended his address to Congress as follows:

“If one day, by common world agreement, there should be built a temple dedicated to those who gave the greatest benefits to mankind, and if the statue of our greatest countryman Washington, was place in the area designed for the most dignified, just beside him should be placed the statue of Kosciuszko”.

Acknowledgement of the Achievements of General Kosciuszko Internationally

As a national hero of both Poland and the USA, Ko¶ciuszko became the namesake of numerous places in the world.

* General Thaddeus Kosciuszko House, 301 Pine Street (at 3rd Street), Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA. West (front) elevation along Pine Street. The house is now the Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial, administered under Independence National Historical Park. As a national hero of both Poland and the USA, Ko¶ciuszko became the namesake of numerous places in the world. The Polish explorer Count Pawe³ Edmund Strzelecki named the highest mountain in Australia, Mount Kosciuszko, for him. Nowadays the mountain is the central point of the Kosciuszko National Park.

* He is also the namesake of Kosciusko, Mississippi, Kosciusko County in Indiana, the two Kosciuszko Bridges in New York State (one just north of Albany, the other on the Brooklyn Queens Expressway), Kosciuszko Street (BMT Jamaica Line), the Kosciuszko Bridge that crosses the Naugatuck river in Naugatuck, Connecticut, Kosciuszko Park across from the Polish Basilica of St. Josaphat in Milwaukee, Wisconsin contains an equestrian statue honoring him, and Thaddeus Kosciusko Way in downtown Los Angeles. There is a statue of him in Detroit, one in Boston Public Garden, one in Scranton, Pennsylvania, one in Museum Campus in Chicago, one in Lafayette Park in Washington, D.C., one at the USMA in West Point, New York, one in Williams Park in St. Petersburg, Florida, and, as of 2006, one in the Red Bud Springs Memorial Park in Kosciusko, Mississippi. His home in Philadelphia is preserved as Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial. There is also his monument at the corner of Benjamin Franklin Pkwy and 18th Street. In Hamtramck, MI there is a school named Kosciuszko Middle School. Chicago has a public park named for him, and the city of East Chicago, Indiana, has a public park (with statue), a school, and a neighborhood, all bearing Kosciuszko’s name.

* In Poland every major town has a street or a square named after Ko¶ciuszko. Also, between 1820 and 1823 the citizens of Kraków erected a mound [2] to commemorate the leader. A similar mound was erected in 1861 in Olkusz [3]. He is also a patron of the Kraków University of Technology, the Military University of Wroc³aw and countless other schools and gymnasia throughout Poland. He was also the patron of 1st Regiment of the Polish 5th Rifle Division, 1st Division of the Polish 1st Army and the 303rd Polish Squadron. There are also two ships named after him: S/S Kosciuszko and ORP Genera³ Tadeusz Ko¶ciuszko, a former US Navy frigate transferred to Poland. Also, there are streets named after Ko¶ciuszko in downtown Belgrade, Serbia (Ulica Tadeu±a Ko±æu±ka), as well as in Budapest, Hungary (Kosciuszkó Tádé utca). In Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania, one of important streets is named after Ko¶ciuszko (Kosciuskos gatvė).

As pure a son of liberty as I have ever known, said Thomas Jefferson about Ko¶ciuszko.

ATTACHMENT B

Outline of Events in Australia's Early Settlement

"In 1824 Captain Curie, RN , Brigadier Major Ovens and Joseph Wild, exploring down from Lake George, penetrated to within 20 kilometres of Cooma. Following their favourable report the pioneer stockmen fanned out over the grassy down of "Maneroo" and settled the upper Murrumbidgee and Snowy River Country. It is possible that many had moved in secretly before this, and the descendants of Thomas Pendergast claim he was in the Snowy River country with 400 head of cattle in 1821.

In any case, there was little delay in general occupation. Richard Brooks was certainly on the huge Gegedzerick Run near Berridale in 1827 and, by 1836, nearly all the great stations of Monaro had been taken up by the squatters.

On the western side of the mountains, Hume and Hovell in 1824, pioneered a route from Yass Plains to Port Phillip. Reaching the Murray on November 16 they made the first record of white men seeing the Main Range. As the mountains were still covered with snow they named them the South Australian Alps. Brisk settlement followed and Strzelecki in his journey of 1840 called at well-established stock runs to and beyond Omeo.

Paul Edmund Strzelecki approached the Main Range from the Murray side and climbing by way of Hannel's Spur reached the "highest peak" on February 15, 1840. Using the resounding phrases recorded in his diary he named it after the Polish patriot." (extract from Snowy Mountains Walks, Geehi Bushwalking Club eighth edition)

ATTACHMENT K - Kosciuszko Mt – Heritage listing application

Strzelecki and Mount Kosciuszko:

1. Andrews, A.E. (1991) Kosciusko, the mountain in history. Publisher: Tabletop Press O'Connor, Canberra Hardcover 222 pages. ISBN-10: 0959084126. The classic book on the history of the discovery and mapping of Mount Kosciuszko. 12 pages of detailed references.

2. Andrews, Alan E. J.(1992) Strzelecki's route 1840: from the Murray River to Melbourne. Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, v.77, no.4, pp. 50-62

3. Babicz, Josef (1994) Pawel Edmund Strzelecki (1797/ 1873): and his research work in Australia. Australia: Studies on the History of Discovery and Exploration. pp. 65-75

4. Branagan DF (1984) Strzelecki's Geological Map of Southeastern Australia; An Eclectic Synthesis.. Historical Records of Australian Science 6, 375–392 Branagan rediscovered in Nottingham UK the original map made by Sir Paul de Strzelecki. Jindabyne Council tries to get the map to Australia to the proposed Museum of Sir Paul de Strzelecki in Jindabyne.

5. Clews, Hugh Powell G. (1973) Strzelecki’s ascent of Mount Kosciusko 1840. Publisher: Melbourne : Australia Felix Literary Club

6. Daley, Charles (1941) Count Strzelecki’s Ascent on Mount Kosciuszko and Journey through Gippsland. Victorian Historical Magazine (Melbourne) vol. 19 pt. 2 pp. 41-53.

7. Dowd T. (1940) The Cartography of Mount Kosciuszko Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society Vol 26, pt 2 pp 97 – 107

Discussion and the story of rejection of the 1885 submission by Dr R. von Lendelfeld challenging the naming and discovery of Mt Kosciuszko by Sir Paul de Strzelecki

8.Dowd, B.T., (1957) The Discovery of Kosciusko, Bulletin of the Illawarra Historical Society, May, 1-3

9. Havard, (1940) W L 'Sir Paul Edmund de Strzelecki' Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society Vol 26, pt 2 pp. 20 –

10. Lendelfeld R. von Dr (1885) Report By Dr R. von Lendelfeld on the results of his recent examination of the central part of the Australian Alps. Department of Mines, Sydney, 21st January 1885 MLQ982.6/N (Public Mitchell Library NSW)

11. Paszkowski, Lech. (1980) Social background of Sir Paul Strzelecki and Joseph Conrad with a foreword by Jerzy Zubrzycki. Publisher: Melbourne : Australia Felix Literary Club. ISBN 0909121028 DK4355.S77.C66/1980

12.Paszkowski, Lech (1997) Sir Paul Edmund de Strzelecki : reflections on his life. Publisher: Melbourne [Vic.] : Arcadia, Australian Scholarly Publishing. ISBN 1875606394 : DU172.S77.P38 with 26 pages of bibliography, and two and half pages listing geographical and scientific names bearing ‘Strzelecki’.

13.Rawson, Geoffrey (1953) The Count. The Life of Sir Paul Edmund Strzelecki, Explorer and Scientist.Melbourne, Heinemann,. Octavo, xxii, 214 pages with 4 maps plus 33 plates and endpaper maps.

14.Strzelecki, B. (1935) Biography of Count Paul Edmund de Strzelecki NewYork;

15.Strzelecki, Paul Edmund de, Sir (1845) Physical description of New South Wales and Van Diemen’s Land : accompanied by a geological map, sections, and diagrams, and figures of the organic remains. London : Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans GB384.N4 .S8/1845

The historical book by the discoverer of the highest peak of Australia reporting his research and discoveries. Includes a copy of the first map of the region with the name and location of Mount Kosciuszko.

16.Strzelecki, Paul Edmund de, Sir (1845) Physical description of New South Wales and Van Diemen’s Land : accompanied by a geological map, sections, and diagrams, and figures of the organic remains. Adelaide : Libraries Board of South Australia, 1967 GB384.N4 .S8/1967
Reprint of the historical book by Sir Paul Edmund de Strzelecki.

Kosciuszko:

17. Abodaher David J. (1968) Warrior on Two Continents: Thaddeus Kosciuszko Publisher: Julian Messner ISBN-10: 0671322893 ISBN-13: 978-0671322892

18. Askenazy Szymon (1912) Przysiega Kosciuszki (Polish) Publisher: Biblioteka Warszawska vol. CCLXXXV z. 855

19.Askenazy Szymon (1917) Tadeusz Kosciuszko 1746-1817. (Polish) Unknown Publisher: Warszawa

20.Evans A. W. W. (2007) Memoir Of Thaddeus Kosciuszko: Poland's Hero And Patriot, An Officer In The American Army Of The Revolution And Member Of The Society Of The Cincinnati. Publisher: Kessinger Publishing, LLC. ISBN-10: 0548497990 ISBN-13: 978-0548497999. Probably the best documentation and bibliography of the Polish heritage of Thaddeus Kosciuszko with 21 pages of bibliography on Kosciuszko.

21.Greene Meg (2001) Thaddeus Kosciuszko: Polish General and Patriot (Revolutionary War Leaders) Publisher: Chelsea House Publications ISBN-10: 0791063992 ISBN-13: 978-0791063996 Reading level: Ages 4-8. This shows that the Americans are educating their children with Kosciuszko as a historical figure and an American Patriot and Hero.

22.Haiman Miecislaus (1932) Poland and the American Revolutionary War, Chicago – Illinois

23.Johns Joseph P. (1965) KOSCIUSZKO. A Biographical Study with a Historical Background of the Times Publisher: Endurance Press ASIN: B000I0T5P8

24.Kajencki, Francis C. (1998) Thaddeus Kosciuszko: Military Engineer of the American Revolution Publisher: Southwest Polonia Pr; 1st ed edition, ISBN-10: 0962719048 ISBN-13: 978-0962719042. A lively account of Kosciuszko contribution to the American Revolution and his friendship with Black Americans resulting in dedicating his American fortune for liberation and education of Black Americans and this was 70 years prior to the abolition of slavery in the US.

25.KAROLEVITZ Robert F. (1974) Flight of Eagles, The Story of the American Kosciuszko Squadron in the Polish-Russian War, 1919-1920 Publisher: Brevet Press ASIN: B000KRT7MK

26.Kopanski Tomasz J. and Kozac Zygmunt (2003) Kosciuszko Squadron 1919-1921 Publisher: Mushroom Model Publications,Poland ISBN-10: 8391717860 ISBN-13: 978-839171786

27.Kopczewski Jan Stanislaw (1976) Kosciuszko and Pulaski Publisher: "Interpress" ASIN: B0006D1PPK

28.Kościuszko, Tadeusz.(1977) Autograph letters of Thaddeus Kosciuszko in the American Revolution : as well as those by and about him ..Edited by Metchie J.E. Budka.. Publisher: Chicago : Polish Museum of America ASIN: B00130GF6Y

29.Moritz Erhard (1968) Preussen und der Kosciuszko-Aufstand 1794. Zur preussischen Polenpolit Publisher: Publisher Unknown ASIN: B000UFVLJY

30.Nash Gary and Hodges Graham (April 2008) Friends of Liberty: A Tale of Three Patriots, Two Revolutions, and the Betrayal that Divided a Nation: Thomas Jefferson, Thaddeus Kosciuszko, and Agrippa Hull. Publisher: Basic Books ISBN-10: 0465048145 ISBN-13: 978-0465048144. The story and history of the Kosciuszko heritage by modern American historians.

31.Olson Lynne and Cloud Stanley (2004) A Question of Honor: The Kosciuszko Squadron: Forgotten Heroes of World War II Publisher: Vintage ISBN-10: 037572625X ISBN-13: 978-0375726255. The authors offer a solid addition to WWII aviation history. The first all-Polish squadron in the Royal Air Force, the Kosciuszko Squadron was formed from experienced Polish Air Force pilots who had fled their fallen country by way of Romania and France to England. Its members, according to the authors, needed little instruction in combat flying but some in the English language. When they took to the air, the squadron's pilots, along with Poles serving elsewhere in Fighter Command, made a large (possibly indispensable) contribution to victory in the Battle of Britain.

32. Pula James S. (1998) Thaddeus Kosciuszko: The Purest Son of Liberty.Publisher: Hippocrene Books ISBN-10: 0781805767 ISBN-13: 978-0781805766

33.Szyndler Bartlomiej (1991) Tadeusz Kosciuszko 1746-1817. (Polish) Publisher: Wydawnictwo Bellona ISBN 83-11-07728-2

34.Wachowicz Barbara (2000) "Nazwe Cie-- Kosciuszko!": Szlakiem bitewnym Naczelnika w Ameryce Publisher: Oficyna Wydawnicza Rytm; Wyd. 1 edition (Polish) ISBN-10: 8387893838 ISBN-13: 978-8387893835

35.Wales Dirk and Peterson Lynn Ihsen (2007) Twice a Hero: The Stories Of Thaddeus Kosciuszko And Casimir Pulaski: Polish American Heroes of the American Revolution Publisher: Great Plains; Har/Com edition ISBN-10: 0963245945 ISBN-13: 978-0963245946

36.Wilson Robert H. (1976) Thaddeus Kosciuszko and His Home in Philadelphia Publisher: Copernicus Society of America, ASIN: B000NZWI1Q

Kosciuszko Flora, Geology and Tourism

37.Bear, R., Hill, W. and Pickering, C.M. (2006). Distribution and diversity of exotic plant species in montane to alpine areas of Kosciuszko National Park. Cunninghamia. 9: 559-570. C1. 38.Costin, A. B. and Totterdell, C. J. Kosciuszko Alpine Flora. Published 2000 CSIRO Publishing Mountain plants,ISBN 0643065229 QK445 .K613

This text concerns the 200 species native to the alpine area that lies around Australia's highest mountain, discussing the geological and human history of the area, the life-form and habitat classifications of the plants, and the various plant communities and their environmental relationships. Paper Daisy, the flower sent by Strzelecki to his sweetheart Adyna is described and referred to as Leucochrysum albicans , subspecie Alpinum (Alpine Sunray).

39.Department of Environment & Climate Change NSW Plans to rebuild Kosciuszko historic huts on the table Media release - Monday, 10 September 2007
http://192.148.120.24/npws.nsf/PrintFriendly/dec_media_070910_04

40.Pickering, C.M. and Hill, W. (2005) ‘Case Study 11.2. Walking track materials research, Kosciuszko National Park’, In: Worboys, G. DeLacy, T. and Lockwood, M. Protected Area Management: Principles and Practice, Second Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. pp. 298-299

41.Pickering, C.M., Hill, W. and R. Bear. (In press - 2007). Indirect impacts of nature based tourism and recreation: association between infrastructure and exotic plants in Kosciuszko National Park. Journal of Ecotourism 6

42.Scherrer, P. and Pickering, C.M. (2005). Recovery of alpine vegetation from grazing and drought: Data from long term photoquadrats in Kosciuszko National Park, Australia. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research. 37: 574-584

43.Scherrer, P. and Pickering, C.M. (2006). Recovery of alpine herbfield on a closed walking track in the Kosciuszko Alpine Zone, Australia. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research. 38: 239-248

44.Shi G. R. (1998) The Strzelecki International Symposium on the Permian of Eastern Tehys: Biostratigraphy, Palaeography and Resources, Recently held at Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia; 30 November - 3 December 1997.Newsletter of the Subcommission on Permian Stratigraphy. p. 44:

45.Worboys, G. and Pickering, C.M. (2004) ‘Tourism and recreation values of Kosciuszko National Park.’ In: An Assessment of Kosciuszko National Park Values: Final Report of the Independent Scientific Committee New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service, Queanbeyan. pp. 179- 224

Australian Heritage

46.Australian Heritage Database: Kosciuszko National Park, Snowy Mountains Hwy, Tumut, NSW, Australia link to www.environment.gov.au

47.CONSERVATION OF AUSTRALIA'S HISTORIC HERITAGE PLACES

Productivity Commission Inquiry 2005 Submission from the Kosciuszko Huts Association Inc. (KHA) link to the document

48."Townsend, not Kosciuszko: A Myth Dispelled?" Klaus D, and Inge A.M.Teichmann

49. Good., R B (1992) "Kosciuszko Heritage", pgs 3-8 and 129-167.