The newest biography was published recently in Polish Biography Dictionary, Volume XLIV (Warsaw - Cracow, 2006-2007 ). Lech Paszkowski was chosen from fifty million of Poles to write this biography. Strzelecki's biography by Alan Andrews, published in the most prestigious biography dictionary Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, was based on Lech Paszkowski's works. Lech Paszkowski is an uncontested authority on the Strzelecki subject and it will be not an exaggerated statement to say he is the most outstanding authority on the subject.

The above statement has been introduced to demonstrate the great importance of Lech Paszkowski's article Myths in Polish Biographies of Paul Edmund Strzelecki. Materials of the V Symposium Polish Biography, Cracow ( Jagiellon University ), 22-23 September 2000, edited by Agata Judycka and Boleslaw Klimaszewski ( Czelej Publishers, Lublin 2000 ). It would be more appropriate to present the whole article, but as there are ten pages of print, I will attempt to present summary of the main thesis supported by comprehensive quotations.

The first Polish biography titled Paul Edmund Strzelecki: Travels – Discoveries - Works (Warsaw, PWN 1957) was written by Waclaw Slabczynski (1904 – 1994). He based it, in principle, on his own investigations, but also, on a few Polish sources, mainly on the article About Paul Edmund Strzelecki: According to Family and Company Recollections (Atheneum, Warsaw 1876) by Narcyza Zmichowska (1810 – 1876), referring to the young years that the future explorer spent in Poland. As stated by Lech Paszkowski – Zmichowska writes about events, some of them are based on real facts, others, however, are taken from imaginary gossips ...she herself described it (The Article – W.L.) as: a scrapped together selection of very inaccurate tales, in no respect of accuracy of dates or of written evidence.

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Abducting of Young Lady and Memoirs of Adam Turno. In 1996 Lech Paszkowski finished writing his work on Strzelecki, aiming to publish it on the two–hundredth anniversary of the Polish explorer’s birth. When Lech Paszkowski proposed search for Adam Turno’s memoirs, which could not be recovered by Waclaw Slabczynski, I asked whether I could be of any help. This task appeared not to be feasible, but turned out to be effortless. I applied to Dr Piotr Zubielik from Poznan (Posen) with the request, who in a short time found Turno’s diaries in the Ossolineum Library and dispatched a copy to me. Thus, The Book VII (from the First of May 1820 to the Seventeenth of May 1823) reached Lech Paszkowski, who spent two months of laborious decoding of sometimes crossed off entries.

Lech Paszkowski writes: "Zmichowska communicated, that the enamored Pawel snatched Adyna Turno from her father’s mansion in Objezierze in year 1821. This is incorrect information, because Objezierze was inherited as a dowry after the brother of Adyna married Helena Kwilecka circa 1830, when Strzelecki surely was in France at that time. This abduction became a foundation of all tales about Strzelecki repeated in countless journalists’ variants. It should be clearly said, that the supposed snatching, depicted by Zmichowska is improbable. Adyna did not reside with her father, as stated by Zmichowska, but in Sendziny, 25km West of Pozen, with her maternal grandmother Prusimska, who supported and educated her from when she was six years old, estimating these expenses at 11 000 zl and also covering costs of a French governess Marie Dupain. Adam Turno commited Adyna for upbringing by his mother-in-law in year 1811 after divorcing his wife Urszula nee Prusimska. After this he permanently inhabited in the manor of his widowed sister-in-law in Dobrzyca, 85 km from Poznan, half way to Kalisz, in other words about 115km by roads from his daughter.

He visited her occasionally, sometimes after a few months. Strzelecki did not need to carry Adyna away, he had many opportunities to take her during Adam Turno’s absence, all the more so because Prusimska was well-disposed towards him and, possibly under the influence of talks with her granddaughter, she looked at him kindly. ...Decoding of Turno’s notes in year 1996 did not resolve a number of doubts...The first entry, dated 6th of July 1820, read: I went to Sendziny where I found Karol Stablewski, who sufficiently held to Adynka but because he was poor Mrs Prusimska received him badly. Here I also met a certain Edmund Strzelecki ( the name marked off ), a handsome, polite braggart without a penny, who had been well educated thanks to his relation Edward Raczynski; I did not like that Mrs Prusimska took him to her quarters.

The first picture of Strzelecki as seen by Adam Turno: a handsome, polite, well educated man but moneyless, meaning in this case, that he did not possess any estates, of which Turno dreamed for his daughter. ...I am quoting a typical entry of Turno from the 25th November 1820: I would be glad to take my Adynka from here (...) but I do not know where to put her, while I do not have any money to take her to Drezno I am unhappy about it. Whereas Mrs Prusimska would let her go anyway. She loves her very much, promising her a certain bequest but Goodness knows what and when and yet I owe her much because she gave a better education to my daughter than to her own children. ...There is nothing in the diaries about an abduction of Adyna but there are some mentions about her flirting, e.g. he noted in Sedziny on 15th of June 1821. Adynka appeals to him and Konstanty Szczaniecki wants to force her into submission, she doesn't want him because this dandy, Str. (Strzelecki – WL) is infatuated with her. All this almost took me to my grave. …And also on the 7th of July ...she confessed that she had a weakness for Strz.. But what was the parental heart to do but to step aside and cry. ...Solely on the 14th of August 1821 is stated: I only found out that the sister of the adventurer Strzelecki ( the name crossed out ) spread abroad that her brother was in love with Adynka, she escaped me, which is likely for this sort of people to boast about but was very mortifying for me. Here is only a mention about the rumors that Adynka run away. It is evident that Turno did not know anything about abducting of his daughter and was only worried about gossips. Evidently there was no abduction.

There is no doubt that the word “adventurer” refers to some conflict between Strzelecki and Turno. There is a blank in the diaries between the end of August 1821 to July 1822, because Turno burned this part. Mysterious is also a note dated 29th September 1822: If I remember rightly, that in the ninth (September - WL) of 1821 Strzelecki (the name marked off) ...has gone nevertheless. I wish him all the best but not to return back to us. It can only be determined here, that the acquaintance of Adam Turno with Strzelecki lasted for only 15 months, from the start of July 1820, to the end of September 1821. What happened during this time period we do not know. The words “ I wish him all the best “ testify that after all Turno maintained some respect towards Strzelecki, which would not happen after an attempted kidnapping or abduction of his daughter.

In a letter to Adyna dated the 1st August 1840, Strzelecki recollected, that after parting with her father, he went to Sedziny to farewell her grandmother, who gave him some proposals and persistently asked for something. It is hard to imagine that Prusimska aimed her proposals at the “abductor” of her beloved granddaughter. Most likely Noodles and Milk in Objezierze by Zmichowska is such a truthful fact as the “abducting” of 24 other lasses by Strzelecki ( note her According to Family and Company Recollections, page 417 ). Interesting, where he could hide such a harem and that could get away with it.

On the anniversary of 200 years of Strzelecki’s death, extensive articles about him appeared in Warsaw newspapers and in the Polish emigrant press in London and New York. It could be read there, besides reproduction of Zmichowska's gossip, improbable inventions as well. For example, that so it appears Adam Turno personally gave Strzelecki a flogging in front of the farm-hands. Firstly the authors of these articles did not have any conception about the nobleman’s sense of honor amongst the gentry of Wielkopolska at the beginning of the 19th century. Secondly it is hard to imagine, that always proud, strong, canny, resourceful and swift Strzelecki let himself to be battered like a ram. There were no such revelations by Zmichowska nor in the Helena Kutrzebianka’s article The romantic history from before one hundred years, Kuryer Literacko-Naukowy, from the 9th May 1938, which was referred to.

Affair with the Sapieha Family. About this affair Lech Paszkowski writes: “Zmichowska insinuated, that Strzelecki as a plenipotentiary of prince's property was an embezzler and robbed his employer. If Franciszek Sapieha dying in May 1829 endowing him with a big sum of 50 000 ducats, obviously he did not do this without consideration and reason. His son Eustachy, who came from England, just before the father’s death or after his demise, it is rumored that he questioned the testament. It is almost certain, he would not pay off Strzelecki’s compensation of 12 000 ducats, if he had in hand some proofs of his dishonesty. This sum amounted to more or less one fourth of the bequest and equal to as much as 6 000 Pounds Sterling. S³abczynski has written that Strzelecki increased those sums in Petersburg and Moscow playing on the corn exchange. It is hard to imagine, that without such considerable sums of monies he could support himself in France and England for four years, travel throughout the world nearly ten years and after this, invest big money in England to buy himself a lifelong pension to the amount of 400 pounds a year. The rumors of Zmichowska that he sold four farms from the Bychowski Estate were denied by Slabczynski, because they were not in any agricultural register."

November Insurrection. In relation to snother legend about Strzelecki’s participation in the November Insurrection, the article’s author explains as follows: Slabczynski, who exaggeratedly admired Strzelecki, contributed to the birth of the legend of the November Insurrection. ... Strzelecki personally wrote on the naturalization application, that Monsieur ( that is not a count ) de Strzelecki is not a political refugee, he left his native country voluntarily long before memorable events of year 1830 . There is no reason whatsoever to doubt, that he wrote the truth.

Myths of the Great Explorer and his real contributions. Lech Paszkowski considers that Strzelecki should be rated more of an investigator and a scientist than a great explorer. Indeed he walked 11 000 km in Australia, but only about 300 km were over areas not discovered earlier by white man. Lech Paszkowski writes: "Strzelecki’s contributions in Australia consisted foremost of his scientific research; on making the first, huge geological map on eastern Australia and Tasmania; on elaborating and publishing a book, which for 45 years was a true encyclopedia of knowledge about the geology of this continent; on sketching the first map of the Gippsland province (about which Australians often and readily forget); on the broadening of geographical knowledge with astoundingly accurate for the year 1842; and chemical analysis of coal, bitumen and asphalts".

And he contunues: "Discovery of gold in Australia by Strzelecki was only a curiosity, which absolutely did not make any difference in history, though it had the potential of changing the courses of this country’s history if Governor Gipps allowed for the publication of this discovery in the year 1839. This would have caused an influx of searchers, such as those who filled California in 1848, who gave the start of magnificent metropolis of San Francisco, may have switched to Australia, changing this continent history and also strengthening exceedingly the potential of earlier development".

Alleged Fortunes. There are rumours about Strzelecki‘s riches but they do not agree with the truth. The legends that he was the owner of gold mines in Australia, flotillas of ships, or married to a rich American woman, who left him one million dollars legacy are totally baseless, mostly originating from Zmichowska. Lech Paszkowski writes: "however one should emphasize that Strzelecki was able to take the care of his material affairs very efficiently ...from the year 1855 he rented a three-storey house in a prestigious quarter of London. In the stables he had carriages, team-horses and a saddle-horse and on the walls of the house the valuable paintings. Four servants looked after him. Zmichowska has written, that he lived as though he were a lord, which was not far from true. However, when the testament of Strzelecki was executed, the whole value of shares, bank bonds, stock and the whole chattels summed up to merely 10,000 pound."

The New Contributions to the Biography.At the end of the article in the chapter titled The New Contributions to the Biography, Lech Paszkowski gives new documentary evidence from Mr Strzelecki’s life.

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In the weekly magazine Tygodnik Polski (Polish Weekly), issue No 6 from the date 27.02.2008 in the article Film about Strzelecki will come to Australia Ernestyna Skurjat-Kozek, who propagates Strzelecki and Kosciuszko and is ‘the soul’ of Mound and Mount Kosciuszko Festival occurring in April, writes with enthusiasm: Obviously there will be romantic and dramatic scenes, among others a scene of the unsuccessful abduction of Adyna, the beating off Strzelecki by Count Turno, working for Prince Sapieha, the departure of Strzelecki from home, a letter posted to Adyna from Mount Kosciuszko together with a flower, and meeting with Adyna years later.

It should be rectified, that Adam Turno was not a count. However he was a notorious reveler. As arises from his own notes, between the 1st May and the end of December 1820, which Lech Paszkowski precisely summed up, Turno dwelled 14 times in Dobrzyca, 9 times in Poznan, 6 times in Sedziny, 3 times in Goraj and 3 times in Wyciazkowo, 2 times in Welna Property, in Czerwona Wies and Radajewo and also in four other places. He also visited Kalisz and Warsaw. It appears that every few day he transferred from one manor to another. He feasted away his inherited properties in a very short time and lost money on lawsuits and finally was more moneyless, yet he reproached the young Strzelecki for lack of wealth.

If the scenes listed by Ernestyna Skurjat- Kozek are indeed in a film about Strzelecki, they will ridicule the Polish explorer, whose true effigy Lech Paszkowski has been fighting for with his pen for decades against repairers and adorners of history. Such a film is unnecessary in Australia.

Witold Lukasiak
Translated by Leslie Wyszynski
Melbourne, December 2008